Bangladesh is home to more than 54 Indigenous groups, including the Chakma, Marma, and Tripura, with most living in the northern and southeastern flatlands, and the rest in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. They have distinct lifestyles, economic practices, and belief systems. These groups speak at least 35 distinct languages, adding to the country's cultural richness . However, many of these languages are ondangered, as the dominance of Bangla and modern societal pressures push thom towards extinction, a global issue known as "language death." The UN warns that many Indigenous languages are disappearing, with ones. dying every two weeks.

During the British colonial rule indigenous communities played, a significant role in resisting oppression. Leaders like Sidhu and legacy, Kanu lod uprisings, such as the Santhal Rebellion, highlighting their contributions to the anti-colonial struggle. Despite this Indigenous people in Bangladesh today face challenges in preserving their languages and culture. The government's efforts to include Indigenous languages in preschool education face hurdles like a lack of trained teachers and resources for higher education.

Additionally, the 1957 construction of the Kaptai Dam, funded by USAID and built by the Pakistani government, displaced thousands of people in the hill tracts, submerging their homes and farmlands under the Karnaphuli River, disrupting their livelihoods and cultural connections to the land. This history of displacement and ongoing marginalization continues to affect indigenous communities in Bangladesh.